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Life imprisonment in the United States
In the US, 1 in every 2,000 residents are imprisoned for life.〔http://www.sentencingproject.org/detail/news.cfm?news_id=1636&id=107〕 This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan, which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents.〔(Highest to Lowest ). (World Prison Brief ). International Centre for Prison Studies. Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed info for each country go to the (World Prison Brief ) main page and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired. ''Data for the whole Wikipedia list was last retrieved on 1 June 2014. Some numbers may be adjusted here later according to later info, or other references.''〕 There are many states in the United States where a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed. For example, sentences of "15 years to life" or "25 years to life" may be given; this is called an "indeterminate life sentence", while a sentence of "life without the possibility of parole" is called a "determinate life sentence".〔''In re Jeanice D.'', (28 Cal. 3d 210 ) (1980) ("25 years to life" is indeterminate life sentence implying that minor convicted of first-degree murder was eligible for commitment to the California Youth Authority rather than determinate life sentence which would require incarceration in regular prison).〕 Even when a sentence specifically denies the possibility of parole, government officials may have the power to grant amnesty or reprieves, or commute a sentence to time served.
==History==
In the 1860s, reformation became favored over penitence in American penology, with the role of prisons seen as reforming prisoners, who were imprisoned until reform was achieved. The concepts of parole and indeterminate sentencing were regarded as forward looking in the 1870s for these reasons. However, these ideals were not as successful as had been hoped—crime was not eradicated, reformatories had the same problems as prisons regarding politicization and underfunding, and indeterminate sentencing became undermined by prisoners, who quickly found that it was possible to "beat the system" by pretense, giving a better chance of winning parole. Many were soon back in custody. Similarly, prison authorities could twist it to their advantage by selectively denying parole. But the biggest cause of the reformatories' failure to live up to expectations was that despite the enthusiasm of reformers, and Brockway's call for an end to vengeance in criminal justice, those within the prison environment—both inmates and guards alike—continued to conceive of prison as a place of retribution.〔A. E. Weiss, Prisons, ''A System in Trouble'' (1988), pp. 29–30.〕
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